Editor-in-chief: R.S. Grinberg
International Council: A.A.Akaev (Kyrgyzstan), O.T.Bogomolov (Russia), V.M. Geets (Ukraine), M.S. Gorbachev (Russia), G.K. Galbraith (USA), M.Zeman (Czechia), I. Iliesku (Romania), M.D. Intriligator (USA), G. Kolodko (Poland), A. Ye. Lebedev (Russia), A. Michnik (Poland), A.D. Nekipelov (Russia), P.G.Nikitenko (Belarus), K. Prunskene (Lithuania), R.Skidelsky (United Kingdom), G.Horn (Hungary), Ya.Charnogursky (Slovakia), L. Sharinger (Austria), N.P. Shmelyov (Russia), G. Erler (Germany)

Founders:

• The Institute of Economics, Russian Academy of Sciences
  
• The National Investments Council
  
  
• NP "Editorial board of "The World of Transformations" journal"

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The journal is registered by the Ministry for Television and Radio Broadcasting and Mass Media PI N 77-15089 from April 14, 2003.

Editorial board: A.V.Alexeyev (managing editor), N.I. Bukharin, L.B. Vardomsky, S.P. Glinkina, A.I. Deykin (deputy editor-in-chief), N.V.Kulikova, E.K.Mazurova, I.I.Orlik, A.P.Potyemkin, S.N.Silvestrov, B.Ye.Frumkin, T.V.Tsygichko (executive secretary), E.V.Tsymbal, T.V. Chubarova, L.F. Shevtsova, B.A.Shmelyov

Contacts: Novocheryemushkinskaya, 42a
Moscow 117418
Russia

Pnone/Fax: +7 (499)128-77-38;
E-mail: alexeev@transecon.ru

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2011

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To the Readers of "The World of Transformations"
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4/2011

CONTENTS

• O. Bogomolov. Whether were Gaydaã Reforms no Alternative?
• A. Akaev. The Post- Soviet Twentieth Anniversary: Expectations and a Reality
• R. Simonyan. Reflections about Role of the Subjective Factor in a History
• A. Bykov. What is Farther?
• The Important Events of Last Twentieth Anniversary In Estimation of Russians
• As It Was, as It Is (A. Aganbegjan, V. Geets, M. Intriligator, G. V. Kolodko, J. Charnogursky, N. Shmelev answer questions for "The World of Transformations")

• Ju. Olsevich. Quo vadis, Domine? An Economic Science and a Policy before Fundamental Uncertainty of the Market
• E. Shipova. New Type of the State Crises

• Sh. Fisher. Economics of the Central Europe: from Communism to Convergence
• P. Havlik, S. Richter. The Countries of the Near East and Northern Africa on a Threshold of Changes

• J. Mirer. Organic Russia

• V. Dimov. Lomonosov Heritage and the Modernity

• A. Bulatov. Consequences of World Crisis for the Countries Central and the East Europe
• DIEPS IE Publications for 2010-2011

International Board
Summary
Contents – 2011

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4/2011

SUMMARY

O. Bogomolov. Whether were Gaydaã Reforms no Alternative?

Official propagation continues to approve, that Gaydar reforms were the unique choice twenty years ago in the beginning of market reforming. The life has shown an inconsistency of the chosen way. It is time to take lessons from the admitted mistakes.

A. Akaev. The Post- Soviet Twentieth Anniversary: Expectations and a Reality

Reflections of the active participant of cardinal changes happened in the world about prospects of revival of the Post- Soviet space, its reduction in condition of geopolitics integrity at the central role of Russia.

R. Simonyan. Reflections about Role of the Subjective Factor in a History

The question on a role of the subjective factor in historical process today gets special importance in Russia on the eve of the twentieth anniversary of economic reforms.

A. Bykov. What is Farther?

Disorder of the USSR and all East block became the largest national and global accident of the last century. A geopolitics and geoeconomics condition in our country and in the world has cardinally changed. It has taken place not only due to reorganization of a post- war configuration of the Eurasian space but also wreck of all historical process of becoming and development of the Russian statehood.

The Important Events of Last Twentieth Anniversary In Estimations of Russians

First half of past twentieth anniversary it was rich on historical events. Many of them carried and continue to have «sign» character. As russians estimate these events today.

As It Was, as It Is (A. Aganbegjan, V. Geets, M. Intriligator, G. V. Kolodko, J. Charnogursky, N. Shmelev answer questions for «The World of Transformations»)

In December, 2011 20 years from the moment of disintegration of Soviet Union are executed. This event has shaken not only the country, but also all world. The jourmal «The World of Transformations» has addressed with the request to answer some questions to outstanding economists and political scientists who were not only witnesses, but also active participants of these processes.

Ju. Olsevich. Quo vadis, Domine? An Economic Science and a Policy before Fundamental Uncertainty of the Market

Crisis of 2008–2009 and its consequence again have brought the basic attention to the question of an economic science and a policy. Whether it is capable to provide the market rather steady growth at high employment and the general growth of incomes on the basis of self- regulation? Crisis has given on it the negative answer. J. Keynes and his followers appeared are right.

E. Shipova. New Type of the State Crises

Fund «Institute of the post- crisis world» on a regular basis carries out the international expert interrogations in each of which take part from 220 up to 250 experts more than from 50 countries of the world. They are experts from different areas – economists and financial analytics, owners and top- managers of the leading companies, the journalists shining covering economic and political subjects, scientists, politics and officials from all five continents.

Sh. Fisher. Economics of the Central Europe: from Communism to Convergence

Post- communistic transformation of the Central Europe has brought to the countries of this region significant benefit. The culmination of all these achievements became the introduction of Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Slovenia into EU in May, 2004.

P. Havlik, S. Richter. The Countries of the Near East and Northern Africa on a Threshold of Changes

After events of «the Arabian spring» some observers began to compare with changes in the countries of the Near East and Northern Africa (NENA) to transition of the Central, East and Southeast Europe (CESE) to parliamentary democracy. Authors have made attempt to find possible general features and distinctions between an economic situation in the countries NENA and calls with which former planned economy for last two decades faced.

J. Mirer. Organic Russia

In December, 1991 Russian threecolor has replaced the Soviet flag above the Kremlin that became a symbol of the ending of «cold war». Since then in world politics there were drama changes: sharp expansion of the economy based on the Internet and new technologies; proceeding transformation of China and its strengthening on international scene as economic center of force and new partner – the contender the USA; growth of Islamic fundamentalism and the terrorist threat connected to it; the American intrusion into Iraq; distribution of the nuclear weapon and at last financial crisis of 2008 and formation of «the Big twenty».

V. Dimov. Lomonosov Heritage and the Modernity

In Russian history always there were figures of such scale, which as tops, towered above contemporaries, determining mentality of people and the supreme achievements of the country. Michael Vasiljevich Lomonosov such XVIII century was. The native of people, the genius of a science and the enlightenment, glanced in the future of Russia, he was and remains the standard of the Russian person and the independent scientist.

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3/2011

CONTENTS

World Crisis

• Ways of Reforming of a World Currency-Financial System
• A. Deikin. The Current Global Crisis as Consequence of Collapse of Neoliberalism
• D. Archibugi, A. Filippetti. Is the Crisis Striking Innovation? Evidence from Europe

• L. Vardomsky, A. Shurubovich. Factors and Models of Modernization of the Countries CIS Economy
• Yu. Yemelianov. State-Private Partnership in Aircraft Construction
• E. Sheinin. The Foreign Capital in Economy of Russia: Pluses and Minuses

• Z. Kuznetsova. New Ratio Political Forces on a Map of the Central-East Europe
• S. Cohen. Obama’s Russia "Reset": Another Lost Opportunity?

• I. Kharichev. About a Civil Society

• G. Toloraya. BRICS: Chance to Change a World Order?
• V. Vorotnikov, A. Kireyeva. The Baltics and East Asia Countries: a History of Mutual Relations and Perspectives of Cooperation

• V. Ozhigina. The United State of Russia and Byelorussia: Tendencies and Problems of Development of Economic Integration

• I. Tsvik. Russian Literature in the Context of National Character

• V. Dimov. Socialism without Socialism?

International Board
Summary

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3/2011

SUMMARY

Ways of Reforming of a World Currency-Financial System

Several years ago economists from Austria, Slovakia and Russia have organized a permanent tripartite seminar for studying and discussions of the ≪hottest≫ themes of the modernity. The next session has taken place in Moscow in June of this year on a theme: ≪Ways of reforming of a world currency-financial system≫.The following problems were discussed: whether recurrence of world financial and economic crisis is possible? Whether already accepted measures on liquidation of its consequences and prevention of a new wave are effective? In what directions there should be a reforming of the international currency system? That in the near future becomes world currency: dollar, euro or regional currencies?

A. Deikin. Current Global Crisis as Consequence of Collapse of Neoliberalism

The author, on the one hand, warns of dangers of neoliberalism as economic philosophy which stands up for ≪free business≫, and with another – attracts the attention to effective mechanisms of a formulation, coordination and realization of economic policy of the state.

D. Archibugi, A. Filippetti. Is the Crisis Striking Innovation? Evidence from Europe

What is the impact of the recession on Firms’ innovation activities? What will be the outcomes on the innovation capabilities across the European countries? How that is depends on specific features of the national innovation structure and national policies? Structurization of the data on investment, and also results of researches of Innobarometer allows to give answers to these and similar questions.

L. Vardomsky, A. Shurubovich. Factors and Models of Modernization of the Countries CIS Economy

Economic and social progresses of the CIS countries, their place in the world economy depend on success of modernization in a huge measure, and also destiny of the Post- Soviet integration projects. As shows world experience, it is far from being all projects of modernization of national economy appear successful. To avoid failures it is necessary to estimate precisely, first of all, real modernized potential of the country and an opportunity which are created with the international cooperation.

Yu. Yemelianov. State-Private Partnership in Aircraft Construction

Global crisis has shown, that sharp fluctuations of a conjuncture are resisted successfully by those industrial and service structures which unite in itself opportunities of the state and business. Due to partnership within the framework of separate managing units they divide risks and burden of charges on creation of new knowledge and technologies, form optimum "game rules", conditions and effective stimulus for the maximal realization of national industrial and scientific and technical potential.

E. Sheinin. The Foreign Capital in Economy of Russia: Pluses and Minuses

The orientation for modernization of economic system provides creation of modern technical and technological base of economy, change of its structure and formation qualitatively new institutional environments of economy. Realization of the program of modernization demands the decision of some challenges. One of them – financial maintenance of technical and technological updating.

Z. Kuznetsova. New Ratio Political Forces on a Map of the Central-East Europe

The global economic crisis became the catalyst of activization of political forces in the countries Central and the East Europe. Owing to occurrence of new players, political balance has changed. Strengthening of positions ≪right≫ has predetermined changes in a social and economic politics.

S. Cohen. Obama’s Russia «Reset»: Another Lost Opportunity?

Obama’s celebrated ≪reset≫ of US-Russia relations is limited and unstable. A fundamental transformation requires bold leadership and a full rethinking of Washington’s triumphalist attitudes. The author seems that US and Russia to have do it all together.

I. Kharichev About a Civil Society

Last years a word-combination ≪the civil society≫ frequently sounds in performances of the Russian politicians and public figures. It was used repeatedly by the president of Russia D. Medvedev and prime minister V. Putin. Moreover, not the first year already operates Council at the President of the Russian Federation on assistance to development of institutes of a civil society and human rights. But the overwhelming part of Russians still does not understand, that conceals behind this pair of words.

G. Toloraya. BRICS: Chance to Change a World Order?

BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, the Republic of South Africa) – the new phenomenon in economic and the politics, formed in the first decade of XXI century which at a favorable course of a history can determine the future of the world.

V. Vorotnikov, A. Kireyeva. The Baltics and East Asia Countries: a History of Mutual Relations and Perspectives of Cooperation

It would be strange and, at least, it is methodologicalally incorrect to compare such giants as with Chinese People’s Republic, Japan, Republic Korea and republics on coast of Baltic sea. However in conditions of intensive internationalization of an economic life and relentless formation of ≪global village≫ such it is quite allowable and, moreover, reflects the important component of development of the Baltic region.

V. Ozhigina. The United State of Russia and Byelorussia: Tendencies and Problems of Development of Economic Integration

There are tendencies of development of economic integration of Byelorussia and Russia in the United state considered in the article, their estimation is given from the point of view of the theory of integration and experience of the European union. The problems constraining development of economic integration and a direction of their decision are determined.

I. Tsvik. Russian Literature in the Context of National Character

Russian literature of Õ1Õ–ÕÕ centuries always acted not only result and a source of spiritual culture, but also reflected the national world of the Russian person. It determined feature of its character from which great both sacrificial feats and misfortunes of Russia quite often resulted. As any other national literature, it has managed about all it to tell, but not always it with attention has been read and understood as a national – especial corner of sight. The Russian literature focuses national space, forms a national ideal, discredits an antiideal and investigates depths of mentality of the nation and its archetype.

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2/2011

CONTENTS

To the 70-anniversary of Great Domestic war

• I. Orlik. On June, 22 1941…
• V. Dashichev. Strategic Plans of Aggression against the USSR

• Yu.Knyazev. Updating of the Economic Theory: from Immutable Individualism to the Collectivism
• M. Szanyi. Global Crisis – Ethic Crisis

• L. Abalkin. Once Again about Long-Term Strategy of Russia
• E. Kuzmina. Turkmenistan at the Present Stage: Problems and Opportunities of Development

• A. Yazkova. Nagorniy Karabakh: Will the Deadlock be Broken?
• T. Neyelova. KPDR’s Nuclear Program and Settlement of the Conflict on Korean Peninsula

• Capitalism: Varying or Departing? (session at a «round table»)

• Ch. Ismailov. The Caspian Sea Region: Problems and Forms of Cooperation
• V. Sidenko. Ways and Deadlocks of East Partnership Policy of the EU: The Point of View from Ukraine

• S. Lomov. Civilization and Educational Priorities during Change of Social Paradigms

• I. Iljinskaya. Reforms of 90th Years: What They Have Brought Russia
• Yu. Borko. EU as an Institutional System

International Board
Summary

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2/2011

SUMMARY

I. Orlik. On June, 22 1941…

70 years ago the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet people against the fascist invasion began. It opened a new page in the history of the Second World War, filled with particular tragic side, cruelty, large- scale material and human losses. Unlike war against other countries, that against the USSR was launched by the Nazi as not only ideological but also racial. They intended to destroy Soviet state and a social order, to deprive the peoples inhabiting the USSR of the right on own statehood, culture and even for a life. War has brought tragic changes to a life of the country, its people and everyone.

V. Dashichev. Strategic Plans of Aggression against the USSR

On the dawn of June, 22, 1941 the German armies stroke a blow of enormous force against the Soviet Union. After capture of almost all the continental countries of the Western Europe and their resources Hitlerite command started the main stage of struggle for an establishment of full domination of Nazi Germany in Europe.

Yu. Knyazev. Updating of The Economic Theory: from Immutable Individualism to the Principles of Collectivism

The global financial and economic crisis which broke out at the end of the first decade of the current century has revealed not only the aggravated problems of economic development, primarily in financial system operation, but also drawbacks of the prevailing economic theory which, in opinion of many analysts, did not signal of approaching catastrophe and even promoted its coming to a certain extent.

M. Szanyi. Global Crisis – Ethic Crisis

When financial crisis broke out of the sphere of the US mortgage market and became a general financial and global crisis observers put the question if this new crisis was «just» another albeit very deep and dangerous cyclical crisis or something else. It might be for example such a big market disorder that could launch long- term alteration in the capitalist system, with fundamental changes of structures and power relations.

L. Abalkin. Once Again about Long- Term Strategy of Russia

One of the last articles of outstanding Russian economist is devoted to development of socio- economic strategy of the country’s development.

E. Kuzmina. Turkmenistan at the Present Stage: Problems and Opportunities of Development

Turkmenistan is the most closed state of the CIS. On the one hand, the processes inherent to all the Central Asian states are occurring in it, on the other hand there emerged the most self- contained political and economic system, which remained almost unaltered with change of head of state. Meanwhile the country its export potential consisting in rich hydrocarbon resources is becoming object of conflicting interests of various geopolitical players, both regional and global.

A. Yazkova. Nagorniy Karabakh: Will the Deadlock be Broken?

The Armenia- Azerbaijan conflict around Nagorniy Karabakh has become one of the longest, bloodiest and the most difficult for solution in the Post- Soviet space. For the passed years, the conflict has transformed from inter- community and inter- republican confrontation within the framework of one state – the USSR – into international conflict with unclear prospects of solution.

T. Neyelova. KPDR’s Nuclear Program and Settlement of the Conflict on Korean Peninsula

After falling of the Berlin wall and crash of communistic regimes there was an advent of optimistic expectations in South Korea for some years. It seemed to many people in South Korea that Kim Ir Sen’s regime in the North was about to fail, which would lead to bloodless and natural union of both Koreas. Such situation could create preconditions for formation of the strong Korean state, which was capable to turn into «geopolitical center» of Asia and the Pacific Ocean Region and even to achieve the level of economic development of Japan.

Capitalism: Variable or Departing? (session at the «round table»)

Philosophers and economists, political scientists and sociologists gathered at the Round table to realize present- day realities of capitalism. It had been organized by the editorial board of «The World of Transformations» and by the sector of social philosophy of Institute of philosophy (IP) of the Russian Academy of Science. The discussion was devoted to the subject «The future of capitalism, factors of changes: the person or a society?».

Ch. Ismailov. The Caspian Sea Region: Problems and Forms of Cooperation

Globalization of world economic processes is gradually changing economic landscape of separate territories and countries. The example to this is the Caspian Sea Region where significant shifts in cross- border countries’ economies have taken place for the last 15 years. The formation of market relations and opening of new opportunities for external relations of the post- Soviet republics have given a new impetus to development of the countries of the region.

V. Sidenko. Ways and Deadlocks of Eastern Partnership Policy of the EU: The Point of View from Ukraine

Today, East Partnership policy of the European Union, embracing six countries of the Post- Soviet space – Azerbaijan, Belarus, Armenia, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine – represents one of key directions of the EU foreign policy. Its basic purpose consists in creation of conditions for acceleration of political association and the subsequent economic integration between the European Union and the interested countriespartners, which are included in Eastern dimension of the European Neighborhood Policy (EPN). The future holds good prospects on some directions on this policy, while significant problems on the others.

S. Lomov. Civilization and Educational Priorities During Change of Social Paradigms

The world community is facing one of the major problems – finding the ways of decision-making, which express collective political will of the states and allow to mitigate the conflicts in the present- day world. This is achieved due to formation of essentially different cultural and world outlook concepts of man, of different individual and social psychology.

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1/2011

CONTENTS

• M. Gorbachev. Anniversary of Hope (instead of «To the Reader»)
• V. Dashichev Gorbachev's Foreign Policy Doctrine and the International Relations

• G. Kolodko. Economic Foundations of Crisis or the Crisis of Economics?
• A. Bykov. What Promises to Us the Post-Crisis World?
• K. Mahbubani. What Asia can Teach the Indebted West

• J. Kornai. Taking Stock
• L. Xin. ≪The Chinese Model≫ Revisited

• A. Pabst. The Euro- Atlantic and Euro- Asian Security in a Multipolar World

• A. Kiva. Modernization as a Window to the Future

• A. Akaev. Unification of Euro- Asian Peoples around of Russia – L. Gumilev’s Key Legacy

• V. Heyets. Post-Crisis Architectonics of the European Economic Space
• Yu. Shishkov. The Customs Union of Three – an Integration Breakthrough or the Next Illusion?

• I. Orlik. Russian and American Relations in XX Century
• B. Shmelev. Decline of the American Hegemony
• DIEPS RAS Publications (2009–2010)

• N. Laktionova. Political Processes in the New Independent States
• A. Shurubovich. The Academic Science – to the Allied State
• T. Kuznetsova, N. Lebedev. About the Russian- Polish Commission of Economists of the Polish Academy of Sciences and the Russian Academy of Sciences

International Board
Summary

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1/2011

SUMMARY

M. Gorbachev. Anniversary of Hope (instead of «To the Reader»)

Mikhail Gorbachev – a legendary man, who became figure in history forever as the one who had transformed the former super-power and the world. As a politician, he challenged the forces of the past and managed to break the circle of allegedly historically doomed reforms in his own country. He aspired to humanize the society, to unleash its democratic potential. His new global thinking paved the way to system changes in the international relations. Before March, 2, the 80th anniversary, the last Secretary General of the Central Committee of CPSU, the first and the only president of the USSR, who was awarded with the Noble Peace Prize, M. Gorbachev was interviewed by Ruslan Grinberg, editor-in-chief of ≪The World of Transformations≫.

V. Dashichev. Gorbachev’s Foreign Policy Doctrine and the International Relations

Became usual, that about statesmen – directors of national destinies after their leaving from a policy the myths deforming at times up to unrecognizability their true person and their role in events of time are composed. One betrays to their anathema, others idolize, the third inspect their lifetime image. The reason of it always were the subjective approaches caused by political strike around of cardinal national and social problems of development of peoples and the states. Napoleon in French or I. Stalin in Soviet is enough to name here such historical figures, as Ivan Groznyj or Peter I in Russian history. Has not avoided it and M.Gorbachev.

G. Kolodko. Economic Foundations of Crisis or the Crisis of Economics?

Till now neither intellectual nor political consensus concerning the essence of crisis has been formed. There are ongoing discussions on both its systemic pre-requisites and the reasons of technical character, as well as on mechanisms which determine flow of human, material and financial resources. But so far there is no consensus concerning should-be theoretical foundations of economic policy, with a view not only to cope with the crisis consequences but also to counteract efficiently similar unexpected economic disturbances in the future.

A. Bykov. What Promises to Us the Post-Crisis World?

As the financial and economic crisis exacerbated and expanded, as the people were growing aware of its catastrophic scale, the analysts tried to distinguish nature of this new global phenomenon in the post-war era, to determine its roots and consequences for the world and its separate regions, to seek the ways of its non-recurrence in the future. However, no full-fledged idea has been formed hereon, especially concerning ruling-out these cataclysms.

K. Makhbubani. What Asia can Teach the Indebted West?

Many Asian societies are flourishing today because they have finally absorbed and implemented traditional Western strengths such as political pragmatism and sound economic policies. Throughout most of the 20th century, Asia asked itself what it could learn from the modern, innovating West. Now the question must be reversed: what can the West’s overly indebted nations learn from flourishing Asia?

J. Kornai. Taking Stock
Barely eight months have passed since Hungary’s new Parliament met – and since then the words and deeds of the party and new government have turned the political life and the Summary workings of the state and the economy upside down. We are constantly perplexed; we have not even recovered from our astonishment at yesterday’s political measure when today’s new announcement or measure arrives. It is hard to stay upright in the whirlwind of events and absorb their import.